Large-scale irrigation and related industrial development can significantly contribute to the Government of Swaziland's (GOS) goals in the problem areas of employment, government revenue, foreign exchange, imports, and environmental degradation. This report is designed to provide a conceptual framework for future water resources development in Swaziland and to enable the GOS to effectively negotiate with its neighbors, particularly the Republic of South Africa (RSA), regarding development of international rivers. The report consists of: (1) an analysis of the impact of planned RSA water resources development on the supply and demand for water from the Komati, Lomati, Mbuluzi, Great Usutu, Ngwavuma, Ngwempisi, and Mkondo Rivers; (2) detailed preliminary plans and analyses of proposed water resources development projects on the Lomati and Komati rivers and in the Mbuluzi, Ngwavuma, and Usutu basins; and (3) a series of 21 baseline studies on population, soil conservation, water quality, recreation, tourism, fisheries, energy, ground water, land use, hydrology, hydropower, irrigation, water consumption, dam site screening, and the economy in Swaziland. The report points out that irrigation is the largest consumer of water and the key to the economic feasibility of water resources development; current and proposed RSA irrigation developments could significantly affect Swazi water development; and neither hydropower nor other multipurpose uses of water development will add to the viability of Swazi water resources development. The report also highlights the need for: (1) detailed analyses of flow records, crop yields, and water resource development's impact on agricultural supplies and prices; (2) reservoir surveys, site investigations, and sediment, soil, and spillway design studies; (3) mathematical models capable of evaluating complex water systems; and (4) careful research and planning regarding attainment of long-term socioeconomic and environmental goals with only minimal short-term disruption. Also included are 13 maps on transport and land tenure in Swaziland and the physiography and hydrology of the nation, and a 71-item bibliography (1965-80).