The world's production from the aquatic environment, excluding whales, was doubled in the decade between 1952 and 1962, from 22 million metric tons to 45 million metric tons and in the period from 1962 to the present, from 45 million metric tons to about 70 million metric tons. The most rapid growth during this period occurred in the landing of sardine-like fishes, most of which were processed as fish meal and oil, and in the tunas, flat-fish, and squid. Freshwater fish, excluding those of mainland China, accounted for about 3.25 million metric tons of the 1952 aquatic production, growing only slightly to the present. An increasing proportion of the catch is being taken in lower trophic levels. Whatever rate of conversion one adopts, species at lower trophic levels produce a greater amount of protein than do their predators. To utilize these species, we must bring into production species not now harvested in large quantities or at all. For this, we will need an imaginative partnership between harvesting technology and food technology. In managing high seas resources for continual harvest, the problems of international jurisdiction must be considered. Also, international and national arrangements for research and research institutions must develop programs sufficiently broad to encompass the biological, oceanographic, atmospheric, behavioral, and social scientific programs posed by our use of the oceans in increasingly varied and conflicting ways.